Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) was conceived of by the French engineer Jacques D'Arsonval in 1881. However, at the time of this writing the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii is home to the only operating experimental OTEC plant on the face of the earth. OTEC is a potential alternative energy source that needs to be funded and explored much more than it presently is.
The great hurdle to get over with OTEC implementation on a wide and practically useful level is cost. It is difficult to get the costs down to a reasonable level because of the processes presently utilized to drive OTEC. Ocean thermal energy would be very clean burning and not add pollutants into the air. However, as it presently would need to be set up with our current technologies, OTEC plants would have the capacity for disrupting and perhaps damaging the local environment.
There are three kinds of OTEC.
Closed Cycle OTEC uses a low-boiling point liquid such as, for example, propane to act as an intermediate fluid. The OTEC plant pumps the warm sea water into the reaction chamber and boils the intermediate fluid. This results in the intermediate fluid's vapor pushing the turbine of the engine, which thus generates electricity. The vapor is then cooled down by putting in cold sea water.
Open Cycle OTEC is not that different from closed cycling, except in the Open Cycle there is no intermediate fluid. The sea water itself is the driver of the turbine engine in this OTEC format. Warm sea water found on the surface of the ocean is turned into a low-pressure vapor under the constraint of a vacuum. The low-pressure vapor is released in a focused area and it has the power to drive the turbine. To cool down the vapor and create desalinated water for human consumption, the deeper ocean's cold waters are added to the vapor after it has generated sufficient electricity.
Hybrid Cycle OTEC is really just a theory for the time being. It seeks to describe the way that we could make maximum usage of the thermal energy of the ocean's waters. There are actually two sub-theories to the theory of Hybrid Cycling. The first involves using a closed cycling to generate electricity. This electricity is in turn used to create the vacuum environment needed for open cycling. The second component is the integration of two open cyclings such that twice the amount of desalinated, potable water is created than with just one open cycle.
In addition to being used for producing electricity, a closed cycle OTEC plant can be utilized for treating chemicals. OTEC plants, both open cycling and close cycling kinds, are also able to be utilized for pumping up cold deep sea water which can then be used for refrigeration and air conditioning.
Furthermore, during the moderation period when the sea water is surrounding the plant, the enclosed are can be used for mariculture and aquaculture projects such as fish farming. There is clearly quite an array of products and services that we could derive from this alternative energy source.
2008年3月15日星期六
The weak gender in search of love abroad
Open Yahoo and enter "Ukraine marriage agency" into the search box. You'll get over 1,250,000 results. Surprising for a FSU country, isn't it? The country was behind the iron curtain for almost a century. And now when it finaly gained its independence the matchmaking business is flourishing there. It puts on alert because it seems rather hard to understand the reasons for the FSU women to look for a husband abroad.
Lucky for me, when these questions began swarming in my head, a good girlfriend of mine, who has lived in Italy for a number of years, was in town to visit her family. So, instead of digging through the piles of statistics and wracking my brain in search of the answers, I turned to the source with first-hand experience.
Before I move on, let me make myself clear: by no means does this article include motives and wants of every Ukrainian woman, who submits her profile to a marriage agency. Moreover I will be the one to inspire the foreigners: do exercise caution once you chose the path of a marriage agency search. In the past, some Russian ladies from the FSU countries have provided more than enough negative publicity (read my article on scams in Lugansk city, Ukraine), but don't let that discourage you and miss out on a chance to gift someone the pleasure of communication and a possibility to find love. With that in mind, I proceed…
When I began questioning the motives of Russian women who take a chance on marriage agencies, my first discovery was quite disturbing. One of the top reasons why the FSU women prefer foreigners is that the men at their home country… aren't good enough. "Many people talk about how awful it is (for a FSU Russian girl) to live abroad and tell you horror stories. Why not admit that the reason is in those men at home, who, in my opinion, don't know what a family is?" – was a comment from Natasha in response to the article in one of the leading Russian papers, which condemned marriages to the foreigners. "Unfortunately, the 'Russian' men have got a long way to go to keep up with the men from abroad." Some bridal agencies will give you the same information. An American journalist, who took a "Romance tour to find a Russian bride" trip to Ukraine as a part of his investigation for a story, says in his on-line journal that the instructor on the tour explained to him: Ukrainian and Russian men "drink, philander, alternately beat and neglect women."
Obviously, not every FSU man treats women this way. Nevertheless, a general conception that most Russian brides/Ukrainian women share of the men in their home countries comes down to a few common words: irresponsible, hard-hearted, too demanding and not willing to provide for their children, let alone their mother. Given that the FSU women are admired throughout history for their strong family ties and devotion, it is not surprising that many of them come to marriage agencies expecting to find someone trustworthy, reliable and willing to create and nourish the family.
The other thing noticed by Natasha during her three-year-long marriage to a foreigner: "Actually, when I married him, I didn't want to live in Italy… But Italians are very family-oriented and put more emphasis on the family values. That meant a lot to me. Foreigners in general seem to be more serious about family and children, unlike the men at home."
In line with a lack of quality of the FSU men, there is also a lack of quantity. Statistics show that during 2002 the ratio men-women was 46 % to 54%, and hasn't changed much since. Given that a large part of these 46% are people who can't be counted on for love, care and support, it leaves the ladies of Russia and Ukraine very little to chose from. Of course the solution to the problem is broading your horizons.
"All the good ones have been snatched away long ago, your chances to find someone in this country after you turn 25 are next to nil," Natasha mused over a cup of coffee (she married her Italian sweetheart at the age of 29). "It seems the guys (in Ukraine) disappear when they turn 30."
On the top of all said, the appreciation of their own femininity sets the FSU women apart from American or European ladies. A lot of men can see that the FSU women are different. And this is not only about their outer beauty that is so well-known. These ladies like to look pretty, it is not unusual for them to wear a dress and pumps on a regular basis, they care about their body and like to be attractive. Bottom line, they want to be feminine, not feminist.
The FSU women cherish being a "weak gender", which for them means taking care of their family in the first place, as well as being cared for and appreciated. Promises of that seem to be given in abundance by Americans and Europeans, many of whom share an opinion that it has been too long since Western women have shown any aspiration to cherish the softer side of the "weaker gender". In comparison with a constant rush of the women at home to make careers and get equal with men, the feminine side of the FSU ladies is at definite advantage to the men from abroad. Even some FSU men notice that the foreigners are attracted by "their" women because they "remain women, not some emancipated feminists, like in the West".
Natasha gets a bit nostalgic remembering her first few times to visit Italy: "I went to Italy to feel like a queen, to get my share of attention, which I had been lacking from our men. I think there is so much beauty (in Russia), that our men are simply used to it, it is mundane to them, they forget about simple compliments… Italians value beauty."
After all this, what can I say to the men in search of their destiny? It all depends on what you are searching for. No doubt, there will be some money-hungry vamps, eager to trap you. If you want to find a woman for one night it is not a problem neither in Ukraine or Russia nor anywhere else in the world. But there are no better places than Russia and Ukraine if you want to find a respectful, caring and loving woman who will cherish your family.
Lucky for me, when these questions began swarming in my head, a good girlfriend of mine, who has lived in Italy for a number of years, was in town to visit her family. So, instead of digging through the piles of statistics and wracking my brain in search of the answers, I turned to the source with first-hand experience.
Before I move on, let me make myself clear: by no means does this article include motives and wants of every Ukrainian woman, who submits her profile to a marriage agency. Moreover I will be the one to inspire the foreigners: do exercise caution once you chose the path of a marriage agency search. In the past, some Russian ladies from the FSU countries have provided more than enough negative publicity (read my article on scams in Lugansk city, Ukraine), but don't let that discourage you and miss out on a chance to gift someone the pleasure of communication and a possibility to find love. With that in mind, I proceed…
When I began questioning the motives of Russian women who take a chance on marriage agencies, my first discovery was quite disturbing. One of the top reasons why the FSU women prefer foreigners is that the men at their home country… aren't good enough. "Many people talk about how awful it is (for a FSU Russian girl) to live abroad and tell you horror stories. Why not admit that the reason is in those men at home, who, in my opinion, don't know what a family is?" – was a comment from Natasha in response to the article in one of the leading Russian papers, which condemned marriages to the foreigners. "Unfortunately, the 'Russian' men have got a long way to go to keep up with the men from abroad." Some bridal agencies will give you the same information. An American journalist, who took a "Romance tour to find a Russian bride" trip to Ukraine as a part of his investigation for a story, says in his on-line journal that the instructor on the tour explained to him: Ukrainian and Russian men "drink, philander, alternately beat and neglect women."
Obviously, not every FSU man treats women this way. Nevertheless, a general conception that most Russian brides/Ukrainian women share of the men in their home countries comes down to a few common words: irresponsible, hard-hearted, too demanding and not willing to provide for their children, let alone their mother. Given that the FSU women are admired throughout history for their strong family ties and devotion, it is not surprising that many of them come to marriage agencies expecting to find someone trustworthy, reliable and willing to create and nourish the family.
The other thing noticed by Natasha during her three-year-long marriage to a foreigner: "Actually, when I married him, I didn't want to live in Italy… But Italians are very family-oriented and put more emphasis on the family values. That meant a lot to me. Foreigners in general seem to be more serious about family and children, unlike the men at home."
In line with a lack of quality of the FSU men, there is also a lack of quantity. Statistics show that during 2002 the ratio men-women was 46 % to 54%, and hasn't changed much since. Given that a large part of these 46% are people who can't be counted on for love, care and support, it leaves the ladies of Russia and Ukraine very little to chose from. Of course the solution to the problem is broading your horizons.
"All the good ones have been snatched away long ago, your chances to find someone in this country after you turn 25 are next to nil," Natasha mused over a cup of coffee (she married her Italian sweetheart at the age of 29). "It seems the guys (in Ukraine) disappear when they turn 30."
On the top of all said, the appreciation of their own femininity sets the FSU women apart from American or European ladies. A lot of men can see that the FSU women are different. And this is not only about their outer beauty that is so well-known. These ladies like to look pretty, it is not unusual for them to wear a dress and pumps on a regular basis, they care about their body and like to be attractive. Bottom line, they want to be feminine, not feminist.
The FSU women cherish being a "weak gender", which for them means taking care of their family in the first place, as well as being cared for and appreciated. Promises of that seem to be given in abundance by Americans and Europeans, many of whom share an opinion that it has been too long since Western women have shown any aspiration to cherish the softer side of the "weaker gender". In comparison with a constant rush of the women at home to make careers and get equal with men, the feminine side of the FSU ladies is at definite advantage to the men from abroad. Even some FSU men notice that the foreigners are attracted by "their" women because they "remain women, not some emancipated feminists, like in the West".
Natasha gets a bit nostalgic remembering her first few times to visit Italy: "I went to Italy to feel like a queen, to get my share of attention, which I had been lacking from our men. I think there is so much beauty (in Russia), that our men are simply used to it, it is mundane to them, they forget about simple compliments… Italians value beauty."
After all this, what can I say to the men in search of their destiny? It all depends on what you are searching for. No doubt, there will be some money-hungry vamps, eager to trap you. If you want to find a woman for one night it is not a problem neither in Ukraine or Russia nor anywhere else in the world. But there are no better places than Russia and Ukraine if you want to find a respectful, caring and loving woman who will cherish your family.
2008年3月5日星期三
Buying and Maintaining Salt Water Fish
A salt water fish aquarium can add beauty and life to an office or any room in the house. Exotic salt water fish are beautiful and decorative, drawing peoples attentions away from anything that is stressful in their lives. Salt water fish are also great pets for busy people, because they require a limited amount of care and feeding. This doesnt mean purchasing and taking care of these fish is a no-brainer, though.
Before investing in a salt water fish aquarium, one must decide what size tank they want and the location in the room where it will sit. Its best to position the tank somewhere that it will easy to move to and from, and where it will be prominent enough for everyone in the room to see. Salt water fish also require a pump and filter to strain and recycle their water and a temperature gauge to make sure the fish are within a healthy range of hot and cold. The purchase of exotic salt water fish will also require a heater, fish nets, salt water test kits, special food and cleaning tools. Its also nice to have some rocks, coral and other decorations in the tank to make it look and feel like the fishs natural habitat.
Different types of saltwater fish will grow differently, as well, so new owners should be prepared for the specifications of their chosen breed. Experts can assist new buyers who intend to purchase exotic salt water fish, as some fish can grow to over 12 inches in length while others may only grow an inch. A small salt water fish aquarium will also require just as much maintenance than a large one, and it may be weeks before its ready for the fish. Once theyre in, though, they will add a certain exquisiteness to any room that just cant be matched.
Before investing in a salt water fish aquarium, one must decide what size tank they want and the location in the room where it will sit. Its best to position the tank somewhere that it will easy to move to and from, and where it will be prominent enough for everyone in the room to see. Salt water fish also require a pump and filter to strain and recycle their water and a temperature gauge to make sure the fish are within a healthy range of hot and cold. The purchase of exotic salt water fish will also require a heater, fish nets, salt water test kits, special food and cleaning tools. Its also nice to have some rocks, coral and other decorations in the tank to make it look and feel like the fishs natural habitat.
Different types of saltwater fish will grow differently, as well, so new owners should be prepared for the specifications of their chosen breed. Experts can assist new buyers who intend to purchase exotic salt water fish, as some fish can grow to over 12 inches in length while others may only grow an inch. A small salt water fish aquarium will also require just as much maintenance than a large one, and it may be weeks before its ready for the fish. Once theyre in, though, they will add a certain exquisiteness to any room that just cant be matched.
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